تعبير عن شخصيه مشهوره بالانجليزي
Ahmed Hassan Zewail (Arabic: احمد حسن زويل, IPA: [ˈæħmæd ˈħæsæn zeˈweːl]; born February 26, 1946)
is an Egyptian- American scientist, known as the “father of femtochemistry”, he won the 1999
Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry and became the first Egyptian scientist
to win a Nobel Prize in a scientific field. He is the Linus Pauling Chair
Professor Chemistry, Professor of Physics and the director of the Physical Biology Centre for the
Ultrafast Science and Technology (UST)[1] at the California Institute of Technology.
Birth and education
Ahmed Hassan Zewail, was born on February 26, 1946 in Damanhour, Egypt and was raised
in Desouk.[2] His father Hassan assembled bicycles andmotorcycles and later became a government official. His
parents stayed married for 50 years, till the death of his father in October 22,
193]
He received a bachelor’s and an MS degree in Chemistry from the Alexandria University before
moving to the United States to complete his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania with
advisor Robin M. Hochstrasser.[3] He later completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of California,
Berkeley with advisor Charles B. Harris.[4]
Academic career]
After completing his post doctoral work at UC-Berkeley, he was awarded a faculty appointment at
the California Institute of Technology in 1976, where he has remained since 1990, he was
made the first Linus Pauling Chair in Chemical Physics.[4] He became a naturalized citizen of
the United States in 1982.
Zewail has been nominated and will participate in President Barack Obama’s Presidential Council of Advisors
on Science and Technology (PCAST), an advisory group of the nation’s leading scientists and engineers
to advise the President and Vice President and formulate policy in the areas of science,
technology, and innovation.[5]
Research]
Zewail’s key work has been as a pioneer of femtochemistry—i.e. the study of chemical reactions
across femtoseconds. Using a rapid ultrafast laser technique (consisting of ultrashort laser flashes), the technique
allows the description of reactions on very short time scales – short enough to analyse
transition states in selected chemical reactions.[6]
His work started with the question, how fast did the energy within an isolated large
molecule like naphthalene redistribute among all the atomic motions? They had to build an apparatus
with a vacuum chamber for molecules coming out of the source as a collimated beam
at supersonic speed. The challenge was to build an ultrafast laser to be used with
the molecular beam. The beam and the picosecond laser system were interfaced. The goal of
the project began as wanting to directly measure the rate of vibrational-energy redistribution for an
isolated molecule using the picosecond laser.
They wanted to see the process from birth to death of a molecule. In this
experiment the isolated anthracene molecule was unexpected and contrary to popular wisdom. During redistribution the
population was oscillating coherently back and forth. There was no decay, but there was rebirth
and all molecules moved coherently in a phase. In a large molecule, each vibrational motion
is like a pendulum, but there are many motions because a molecules has many atoms.
If the motions were not coherent, the observation would have been much different.
The results of this experiment revealed the significance of coherence and its existence in complex
molecular systems. The finding of coherence were significant because it showed that through the expected
chaotic motions in molecules, ordered motion can be found, despite the presence of a “heat
sink”, which can destroy coherence and drain energy. Coherence in molecules had not been observed
before not because of a lack of coherence, but because of a lack of proper
probes. In the anthracene experiments, time and energy resolutions were introduced and correlated.
Though Zewail continued studies on vibrational-energy redistributions, he started new studies on shorter time resolutions
for molecules showing different chemical processes and rotational motions.[3]
Awards and Honours]
In 1999, Zewail became the third Egyptian national to receive the Nobel Prize. Zewail gave
his Nobel Lecture on “Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers”.[7] His
prize was following Egyptian president Anwar Al-Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature).
Mohamed ElBaradei followed him (2005 in peace). Other international awards include the Wolf Prize in
Chemistry (1993) awarded to him by the Wolf Foundation, the Tolman Medal (1997), the Robert
A. Welch Award (1997), the Othmer Gold Medal in 2009,[8][9] the Priestley Medal from the
American Chemical Society and Davy Medal from the Royal Society in 2011.[10][11] In 1999, he
received Egypt’s highest state honor, the Grand Collar of the Nile.
Zewail was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lund University in Sweden in May 2003 and
is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Cambridge University awarded him an
honorary Doctor of Science in 2006. In October 2006, Zewail received the Albert Einstein World
Award of Science for his pioneering development of the new field femtoscience and for his
seminal contributions to the revolutionary discipline of physical biology, creating new ways for better understanding
the functional behavior of biological systems by directly visualizing them in the four dimensions of
space and time.[12] In May 2008, Zewail received an honorary doctorate from Complutense University of
Madrid. In February, 2009, Zewail was awarded an honorary doctorate in arts and sciences by
the University of Jordan.[13] In May 2010, he received a Doctor of Humane Letters from
Southwestern University. in October/2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in science from the University
of Glasgow, UK [14] His students include scientists like Martin Gruebele
Zewail is married, and has four children. He also has won the King Faisal award
in 1989.
Political work[
Awards and Honours]
In 1999, Zewail became the third Egyptian national to receive the Nobel Prize. Zewail gave
his Nobel Lecture on “Femtochemistry: Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Chemical Bond Using Ultrafast Lasers”.[7] His
prize was following Egyptian president Anwar Al-Sadat (1978 in Peace), Naguib Mahfouz (1988 in Literature).
Mohamed ElBaradei followed him (2005 in peace). Other international awards include the Wolf Prize in
Chemistry (1993) awarded to him by the Wolf Foundation, the Tolman Medal (1997), the Robert
A. Welch Award (1997), the Othmer Gold Medal in 2009,[8][9] the Priestley Medal from the
American Chemical Society and Davy Medal from the Royal Society in 2011.[10][11] In 1999, he
received Egypt’s highest state honor, the Grand Collar of the Nile.
Zewail was awarded an honorary doctorate by Lund University in Sweden in May 2003 and
is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Cambridge University awarded him an
honorary Doctor of Science in 2006. In October 2006, Zewail received the Albert Einstein World
Award of Science for his pioneering development of the new field femtoscience and for his
seminal contributions to the revolutionary discipline of physical biology, creating new ways for better understanding
the functional behavior of biological systems by directly visualizing them in the four dimensions of
space and time.[12] In May 2008, Zewail received an honorary doctorate from Complutense University of
Madrid. In February, 2009, Zewail was awarded an honorary doctorate in arts and sciences by
the University of Jordan.[13] In May 2010, he received a Doctor of Humane Letters from
Southwestern University. in October/2011 he was awarded an honorary doctorate in science from the University
of Glasgow, UK [14] His students include scientists like Martin Gruebele
Zewail is married, and has four children. He also has won the King Faisal award
in 1989.
In June 4, 2009 speech at Cairo University, US President Barack Obama announced a new
Science Envoy program as part of a “new beginning between the United States and Muslims
around the world.” In January 2010, Ahmed Zewail, Elias Zerhouni, and Bruce Alberts became the
first US science envoys to Islam, visiting Muslim-majority countries from North Africa to Southeast Asia.[15]
When asked about rumors that he might contest the 2011 Egyptian presidential election, Ahmed Zewail
said: “I am a frank man… I have no political ambition, as I have stressed
repeatedly that I only want to serve Egypt in the field of science and die
as a scientist.”[16]
During the 2011 Egyptian protests he announced his return to the country. Zewail said that
he would join a committee for constitutional reform alongside Ayman Nour, Mubarak’s rival at the
2005 presidential elections and a leading lawyer.[17] Zewail was later mentioned as a respected figure
working as an intermediary between the military regime ruling after Mubarak’s resignation, and revolutionary youth
groups such as the April 6 Youth Movement and young supporters of Mohamed ElBaradei.[18]
In November 2020 Zewail discussed “Technology’s Promise, Humanity’s Future” with Vivek Wadhwa at UCSB Campbell
Hall in Isla Vista, California. [[20]
Zewail City land dispute case]
Nile University has been fighting with Zewail City of Science and Technology, established by Nobel
laureate Ahmed Zewail, for more than two years over a piece of land that both
universities claim to be their own.
A March 22, 2020 ruling turned down challenges to a verdict issued in April 2020
submitted by Zewail City. The court also ruled in favour of the return of Nile
University students to the contested buildings.
In a statement released by Nile University’s Student Union before Saturday’s decision, the students stated
that the verdict would test the current government’s respect to the judiciary and its rulings.
Zewail City, meanwhile, stressed in a statement released on Saturday that the recent verdict rules
on an urgent level; the substantive level of the case is yet to be ruled
on. Sherif Fouad, Zewail City’s spokesman and media adviser, said the verdict “adds nothing new.”
It is impossible for Zewail City to implement Saturday’s verdict and take Nile University students
into the buildings currently occupied by Zewail City students, he said.[21]
